River Navigation
Preliminary
On the way down the river, either on foot or by boat, we are required to master the navigation of the river as well as land navigation in the course of mountain forests. In practical science of navigation of the river has long been recognized by the Dayak people in Kalimantan hinterland. Because the river is the only means of transportation for them. And in determining its position on the river, they use the signs of nature in the form of a cascade, the bend of the river, narrowing / widening of rivers, estuaries and other.
Definition of River Navigation
River navigation is a technique to determine the exact position of the traverse in the course of the river. The fundamental difference between the navigation of the river and land navigation lies in the basic reference for determining the position. In land navigation as a basic reference is the physical surface of the earth's shape is described by the contour line, the reference being to the navigation of the river is essentially a form of left and right edges of the river, which turns the river depicted on the map.
River Navigation Equipment
Map
There are two kinds of maps that are used are:
a. Map the situation of the river, this map has no contour lines, which is reflected is the river and the villages along the river basin. Scale 1:50,000 maps should be used or 1:25.000, which pretty clearly describes the physical condition of the river. These maps are generally created by individuals who have lived or surveying and mapping along the river.
b. Topographic maps, has the advantage when compared with the map of the situation as it may help to read the natural conditions around rivers such as the form of swamps, cliffs, hills and mountains.
Compass
Used to determine the angle of the river turns, compass and compass orienteering shoot with good accuracy can be used for this purpose.
Stationary
Form of writing paper, protractor, ruler and stationery. Used to determine the position, after the first zero point of the compass from the river and its assessments distance.
Altimeter
Altimeter is not the most important tools for determining the position, but more appropriate to determine the gradient of the river, the height difference between two points on the river within a distance of 1 km (ie the gradient of the river 9 m / km, which is 9 m height difference between two points within 1 km). Due to a decrease in river height difference was relatively small for each km long river, then you should use the altimeter is pretty accurate, for example, with the ability to read the height differences up to 10 meters (as an illustration, for the fast-flowing river and its falls a lot, the difference in the average river for each kilometer is only about 40 meters).
Determining Position On Map
Performed by moving down the river watching the bend of the river changes direction, aided by certain natural signs are there along the river. There are two ways that can be used to determine the position:
a. With the aid of natural signs
For example we're doing the traverse of the river from point A to point B, then at a place found an estuarine tributary on the left. To determine the position at the moment is, do the orientation map. Then observe the surrounding terrain carefully, protractor compass (azimuth) of the trajectory of the river at the bend in front and behind by using a compass. Remember earlier that there are natural landmarks behind. For example behind us there is a delta) and see also the natural sign in front (eg river bends to the left), then picture the situation of the river that has been in the can, then find the equivalent on the map (please note that found in the river delta is the delta is quite great. Not covered at the time of flooding and in tumbuhi trees, if it does not meet these requirements will not be depicted on the map). If still not clear, it is necessary to traverse to the next natural landmarks that can further clarify our position.
b. Make Your Own Maps
Implementation technique is the assessment of distance and angle measurements compass (azimuth). Before doing this way, our eyes should be trained in advance to estimate the distance, for example, for a distance of 50 meters or 100 meters. The easiest way is to practice on the highway with the help of a motorcycle or a car that the pointer is still valid with a good distance, it can also with the help of an electric pole (every 50 meters), small stakes along the highway (100 meters). If the eye is trained, it can be practiced on the street in a city that many turns. For the river in a narrow area and many upstream tikungannya, then in use distance markers every 50 feet with the rest of the smallest size is 10 meters. As for the river in the middle and lower reaches of the relatifr wider and straight (except in the area meanders), or a large bend radius (angle turns are relatively small for a distance of 100 meters), then used a multiple distance markers every 100 meters with the remaining size of the smallest 25 meters.
So we made the river into a trunk that consists of many long and short segments, which correspond to the twisting corners. The steps that must be considered in making the river is: provide the necessary equipment, create a table in the paper consists of two columns, first column for degrees (azimuth) and the second column to the distance (meters). If you want more thorough you can add two more columns, ie to the width of the river and the information required (eg if there is narrowing, a large stone in the middle of the river, steep cliffs on either side of the river and others), aim the compass at the beginning of the movement, and estimate the distance with a trained eye, fill in the shots in column 1 and 2, if the boat should be done from the middle of the river, calculate the distance while moving forward, at 50 and 100 meters. Having arrived at the specified limits of the segment of the river, shooting and an appraisal done away again, repeat until beyond 3 turns of the river, then create an image of the river is based on the results of existing records in the table, the scale can be eg 1 cm to 100 meters or less again, then find matching or similar form of images of the river that we created with a map of the river that we carry, so our position on the map can be determined that at the last point that we make, if not already in the can also repeat again until a few turns.
Navigation Swamp
Navigation swamp is the technique of walking and determine the exact position on the field of swamp. Navigation is a navigation on the marsh plain area so that the same principle with desert navigation. There was no sign of extreme (hill or valley) which can be used as a benchmark. If the flat marsh area and sometimes filled with river flow that can be changed by the floods, then in the desert region was always changing due to wind. As in land navigation (mountain forest), then the most important first step before starting the journey is to know the location of point of departure on the map. Signs of terrain that can be used as a benchmark is a river, the location of the nearest village, the coastline (if close to the beach), so it needs to be taken into account the meticulous precision of the orientation field.
a. The steps that must be done in swamp navigation is:
b. Determine our departure point on the map
c. Shutter direction of travel is taken, record the compass angle.
d. Measure and record the distance traveled by the point of the compass, do continue to every part of the journey to find signs that can be used as a benchmark, such as rivers, if not found, do continue while looking for a place to rest.
How to measure the distance
a. With the assessment of the distance (if already proficient), such as navigational man to man or the use of back azimuth on the navigation of the mountain forest, walked behind holding a compass and other colleagues walked by the corner of the compass. Measuring the distance limit for one segment depends on the eye and ear, vision means to an extent if the terrain tertutp or until the limit of hearing if the terrain is open, so the length of a segment relative, depending on the terrain encountered
b. Using a measuring tape or rope, the same way as above, but we got the result that more rigorous
c. With the tool of measuring the waist holder mounted on the compass, the compass holder up the rear, a partner at the front corner of open lines in the direction of the compass, tie yarn ends at the starting point when turning or changing direction, look at the numbers listed on the gauges them. Decide yarn and tie back end just at the point of inflection
d. With a pedometer attached to the front waist. Record the number of steps to every corner of the compass direction. Take the benchmark 10 steps with a few meters, or multiples is divisible by 10;
Plot the measurement results on a map, use map scale appropriate to the scale of the map you have, if the measurement of distance and angle of the compass carefully it will be obtained accurate results.
Examination of the final position with field orientation. If you get lost, at least we have a track record to back into place.
If the compass angle and distance have been determined, then the plot on a map the direction of our path. Take a trip to the corner and use the compass to soar if the terrain is not possible to pass through, with not forget the points 2 and 3.
Note: How to walk in the swamp
a. Bring sticks and ropes. Stick to measure the depth of mud bogs, and ropes to help pull a friend who goes down.
b. Run in tandem. Keep the walks adjacent to the existing plants, tread marks shrub, grass, or roots of plants that exist kaarena land is relatively harder.
c. Tebas tree branch, and place them crosswise on the track to be stepped on, use to hold its speed decrease our bodies into the swamp, the same principle as people walking on the soft snow using skis, the more surface area is trampled, the more light load covered by snow.
d. Beware of the beast that is widely available around the plants that grow in swampy areas, generally they are venomous.
Coastal Navigation
Navigation beach is walking technique and determine the exact position on the coast. Coastal navigation much easier when compared to the swamp and river navigation, for a line position is already known, namely a line of beach, so it only takes a mark again to perform resection. Signs of terrain that can be used as a benchmark are: - The direction angle of coastline; - cape or bay; - mouth of the river; - islands or reefs that are around the beach - the beach area there is a hill; - fishing village
If you've trained navigating mountain forests, the navigation in coastal areas is not a problem, because the beach is more emphasis on navigation map reading. Without the help kompaspun fact we can walk on the beach, a compass is needed if the need to travel cut corners, avoid obstacles in the form of steep cliffs that are not likely to pass.
Step-lagkah that must be done in coastal navigation:
a. Plot our position by resection.
b. Walk follows the coastline as long as possible.
c. Record the time traveling to different times or every encounter is easily recognized sign. This was done to facilitate us to lose the position. Check out our position on the map every encounter signs are easily recognized terrain, such as headlands and estuaries.
d. If you encounter obstacles in the form of cliffs that can not be skipped, do the resection to determine the final position before such cliff. After that trip plan with the help of a compass to soar over the hurdle. On the barrier reef, generally must travel through a steep rise and fall.
0 komentar:
Post a Comment